references.bib

@article{Spada2013,
abstract = {One of the major sources of uncertainty in model estimates of the global sea-salt aerosol distribution is the emission parameterization. We evaluate a new sea-salt aerosol life cycle module coupled to the online multiscale chemical transport model NMMB/BSC-CTM. We compare 5 yr global simulations using five state-of-the-art sea-salt open-ocean emission schemes with monthly averaged coarse aerosol optical depth (AOD) from selected AERONET sun photometers, surface concentration measurements from the University of Miami's Ocean Aerosol Network, and mea- surements from two NOAA/PMEL cruises (AEROINDOEX and ACE1). Model results are highly sensitive to the intro- duction of sea-surface-temperature (SST)-dependent emis- sions and to the accounting of spume particles production. Emission ranges from 3888 Tg yr−1 to 8114 Tg yr−1 , life- time varies between 7.3 h and 11.3 h, and the average col- umn mass load is between 5.0 Tg and 7.2 Tg. Coarse AOD is reproduced with an overall correlation of around 0.5 and with normalized biases ranging from +8.8 {\%} to +38.8 {\%}. Surface concentration is simulated with normalized biases ranging from −9.5 {\%} to +28 {\%} and the overall correlation is around 0.5. Our results indicate that SST-dependent emission schemes improve the overall model performance in repro- ducing surface concentrations. On the other hand, they lead to an overestimation of the coarse AOD at tropical latitudes, although it may be affected by uncertainties in the compar- ison due to the use of all-sky model AOD, the treatment of water uptake, deposition and optical properties in the model and/or an inaccurate size distribution at emission.},
author = {Spada, M. and Jorba, O. and {P{\'{e}}rez Garc{\'{i}}a-Pando}, C. and Janjic, Z. and Baldasano, J. M.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-13-11735-2013},
isbn = {1680-7316},
issn = {16807316},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
keywords = {EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
month = {dec},
number = {23},
pages = {11735--11755},
title = {{Modeling and evaluation of the global sea-salt aerosol distribution: Sensitivity to emission schemes and resolution effects at coastal/orographic sites}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/11735/2013/},
volume = {13},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Haustein2012,
author = {Haustein, K. and P{\'{e}}rez, C. and Baldasano, J. M. and Jorba, O. and Basart, S. and Miller, R. L. and Janjic, Z. and Black, T. and Nickovic, S. and Todd, M. C. and Washington, R. and M{\"{u}}ller, D. and Tesche, M. and Weinzierl, B. and Esselborn, M. and Schladitz, A.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-12-2933-2012},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
keywords = {EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
month = {mar},
number = {6},
pages = {2933--2958},
title = {{Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB/BSC-Dust model – Part 2: Experimental campaigns in Northern Africa}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/2933/2012/},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Perez2011,
author = {P{\'{e}}rez, C. and Haustein, K. and Janjic, Z. and Jorba, O. and Huneeus, N. and Baldasano, J. M. and Black, T. and Basart, S. and Nickovic, S. and Miller, R. L. and Perlwitz, J. P. and Schulz, M. and Thomson, M.},
doi = {10.5194/acp-11-13001-2011},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
keywords = {Dust,EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {Dust,EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
month = {dec},
number = {24},
pages = {13001--13027},
title = {{Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB/BSC-Dust model--Part 1: Model description, annual simulations and evaluation}},
url = {http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/13001/2011/},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Jorba2012,
author = {Jorba, O. and Dabdub, D. and Blaszczak-Boxe, C. and P{\'{e}}rez, C. and Janjic, Z. and Baldasano, J. M. and Spada, M. and Badia, A. and Gon{\c{c}}alves, M.},
doi = {10.1029/2012JD017730},
issn = {01480227},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
keywords = {EMSL proposal,MONARCH,NO2 photoexcitation,air quality,global,modeling},
mendeley-tags = {EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
month = {jul},
number = {D13},
publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
title = {{Potential significance of photoexcited NO2 on global air quality with the NMMB/BSC chemical transport model}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012JD017730},
volume = {117},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Badia2015,
abstract = {The Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative Phase2 aims to intercompare online coupled regional-scale models over North America and Europe. The NMMB/BSC Chemical Transport Model (NMMB/BSC-CTM) is a fully online integrated system for meso- to global-scale applications under development at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center. The NMMB/BSC-CTM is applied to Europe for the year 2010 in the framework of the AQMEII-Phase2 intercomparison exercise. This paper presents a spatial, temporal and vertical evaluation of the gas-phase model results. This is the first time that the model has been evaluated on a regional scale over a whole annual cycle. The model is compared with available ground-based monitoring stations for relevant reactive gases, ozonesondes, and OMI and MOPITT satellite retrievals of NO2 and CO. A comparative analysis of the present results and several European model evaluations is also presented here. The seasonal cycle for O3, NO2, SO2 and CO is successfully reproduced by the model. The O3 daily mean and daily maximum correlations for the analysed period are r = 0.68 and r = 0.75, respectively. The OMI tropospheric NO2 column retrievals are well reproduced, capturing the most polluted areas over Europe throughout the whole year. Modelled SO2 and CO surface concentrations are generally underestimated, especially during the winter months. Two different vertical configurations of the model (24 and 48 vertical layers) are also analysed. Although model results are very similar, the simulation configured with 48 vertical layers provides better results regarding surface O3 concentrations during summer. Compared to previous model evaluations, the NMMB/BSC-CTM's performance corresponds to state-of-the-art regional air quality models.},
author = {Badia, A. and Jorba, O.},
doi = {10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2014.05.055},
issn = {1352-2310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
keywords = {MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
month = {aug},
pages = {657--669},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Gas-phase evaluation of the online NMMB/BSC-CTM model over Europe for 2010 in the framework of the AQMEII-Phase2 project}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014004026?via{\%}3Dihub},
volume = {115},
year = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{Badia2014,
author = {Badia, A.},
keywords = {MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
school = {Universitat Polyt{\`{e}}cnica de Catalunya},
title = {{Implementation, development and evaluation of the gas-phase chemistry within the Global/Regional NMMB/BSC Chemical Transport Model}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Basart2016,
abstract = {The present work demonstrates the impact of model resolution in dust propagation in a complex terrain region such as West Asia. For this purpose, two simulations using the NMMB/BSC-Dust model are performed and analysed, one with a high horizontal resolution (at 0.03°×0.03°) and one with a lower horizontal resolution (at 0.33°×0.33°). Both model experiments cover two intense dust storms that occurred on 17–20 March 2012 as a consequence of strong northwesterly Shamal winds that spanned over thousands of kilometres in West Asia. The comparison with ground-based (surface weather stations and sunphotometers) and satellite aerosol observations (Aqua/MODIS and MSG/SEVIRI) shows that despite differences in the magnitude of the simulated dust concentrations, the model is able to reproduce these two dust outbreaks. Differences between both simulations on the dust spread rise on regional dust transport areas in south-western Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman. The complex orography in south-western Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman (with peaks higher than 3000m) has an impact on the transported dust concentration fields over mountain regions. Differences between both model configurations are mainly associated to the channelization of the dust flow through valleys and the differences in the modelled altitude of the mountains that alters the meteorology and blocks the dust fronts limiting the dust transport. These results demonstrate how the dust prediction in the vicinity of complex terrains improves using high-horizontal resolution simulations.},
author = {Basart, S. and Vendrell, L. and Baldasano, J.M.},
doi = {10.1016/J.AEOLIA.2016.09.005},
issn = {1875-9637},
journal = {Aeolian Research},
keywords = {MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
month = {dec},
pages = {37--50},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{High-resolution dust modelling over complex terrains in West Asia}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1875963716301409?np=y},
volume = {23},
year = {2016}
}
@article{DiTomaso2017,
abstract = {A data assimilation capability has been built for the NMMB-MONARCH chemical weather prediction sys-tem, with a focus on mineral dust, a prominent type of aerosol. An ensemble-based Kalman filter technique (namely the local ensemble transform Kalman filter – LETKF) has been utilized to optimally combine model background and satellite retrievals. Our implementation of the ensemble is based on known uncertainties in the physical parametriza-tions of the dust emission scheme. Experiments showed that MODIS AOD retrievals using the Dark Target algorithm can help NMMB-MONARCH to better characterize atmospheric dust. This is particularly true for the analysis of the dust out-flow in the Sahel region and over the African Atlantic coast. The assimilation of MODIS AOD retrievals based on the Deep Blue algorithm has a further positive impact in the anal-ysis downwind from the strongest dust sources of the Sahara and in the Arabian Peninsula. An analysis-initialized fore-cast performs better (lower forecast error and higher corre-lation with observations) than a standard forecast, with the exception of underestimating dust in the long-range Atlantic transport and degradation of the temporal evolution of dust in some regions after day 1. Particularly relevant is the im-proved forecast over the Sahara throughout the forecast range thanks to the assimilation of Deep Blue retrievals over areas not easily covered by other observational datasets. The present study on mineral dust is a first step towards data assimilation with a complete aerosol prediction system that includes multiple aerosol species.},
author = {{Di Tomaso}, Enza and Schutgens, Nick A. J. and Jorba, Oriol and {P{\'{e}}rez Garc{\'{i}}a-Pando}, Carlos and Tomaso, Enza Di},
doi = {10.5194/gmd-10-1107-2017},
issn = {1991-9603},
journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
keywords = {EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {EMSL proposal,MONARCH},
month = {mar},
number = {3},
pages = {1107--1129},
title = {{Assimilation of MODIS Dark Target and Deep Blue observations in the dust aerosol component of NMMB-MONARCH version 1.0}},
url = {https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/1107/2017/},
volume = {10},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Gama2015,
abstract = {A characterisation of the dust transported from North Africa deserts to the Cape Verde Islands, including particle size distribution, concentrations and optical properties, for a complete annual cycle (the year 2011), is presented and discussed. The present analysis includes annual simulations of the BSC-DREAM8b and the NMMB/BSC-Dust models, 1-yr of surface aerosol measurements performed within the scope of the CV-DUST Project, AERONET direct-sun observations, and back-trajectories. A seasonal intrusion of dust from North West Africa affects Cape Verde at surface levels from October till March when atmospheric concentrations in Praia are very high (PM10 observed concentrations reach hourly values up to 710 µg/m3). The air masses responsible for the highest aerosol concentrations in Cape Verde describe a path over the central Saharan desert area in Algeria, Mali and Mauritania before reaching the Atlantic Ocean. During summer, dust from North Africa is transported towards the region at higher altitudes, yi...},
author = {Gama, Carla and Tchepel, Oxana and Baldasano, Jos{\'{e}} Mar{\'{i}}a and Basart, Sara and Ferreira, Joana and Pio, Casimiro and Cardoso, Jo{\~{a}}o and Borrego, Carlos},
doi = {10.3402/tellusb.v67.24410},
issn = {1600-0889},
journal = {Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
keywords = {Cape Verde Islands,MONARCH,PM measurements,Saharan and Sahelian dust,desert dust modelling},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {24410},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Seasonal patterns of Saharan dust over Cape Verde – a combined approach using observations and modelling}},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/tellusb.v67.24410},
volume = {67},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Gkikas2018,
abstract = {Abstract. The direct radiative effect (DRE) during 20 intense and widespread dust outbreaks, which affected the broader Mediterranean basin over the period March 2000–February 2013, has been calculated with the NMMB-MONARCH model at regional (Sahara and European continent) and short-term temporal (84 h) scales. According to model simulations, the maximum dust aerosol optical depths (AODs) range from ∼ 2.5 to ∼ 5.5 among the identified cases. At midday, dust outbreaks locally induce a NET (shortwave plus longwave) strong atmospheric warming (DREATM values up to 285 W m−2; Niger–Chad; dust AODs up to ∼ 5.5) and a strong surface cooling (DRENETSURF values down to −337 W m−2), whereas they strongly reduce the downward radiation at the ground level (DRESURF values down to −589 W m−2 over the Eastern Mediterranean, for extremely high dust AODs, 4.5–5). During night-time, reverse effects of smaller magnitude are found. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), positive (planetary warming) DREs up to 85 W m−2 are found over highly reflective surfaces (Niger–Chad; dust AODs up to ∼ 5.5) while negative (planetary cooling) DREs down to −184 W m−2 (Eastern Mediterranean; dust AODs 4.5–5) are computed over dark surfaces at noon. Dust outbreaks significantly affect the mean regional radiation budget, with NET DREs ranging from −8.5 to 0.5 W m−2, from −31.6 to 2.1 W m−2, from −22.2 to 2.2 W m−2 and from −1.7 to 20.4 W m−2 for TOA, SURF, NETSURF and ATM, respectively. Although the shortwave DREs are larger than the longwave ones, the latter are comparable or even larger at TOA, particularly over the Sahara at midday. As a response to the strong surface day-time cooling, dust outbreaks cause a reduction in the regional sensible and latent heat fluxes by up to 45 and 4 W m−2, respectively, averaged over land areas of the simulation domain. Dust outbreaks reduce the temperature at 2 m by up to 4 K during day-time, whereas a reverse tendency of similar magnitude is found during night-time. Depending on the vertical distribution of dust loads and time, mineral particles heat (cool) the atmosphere by up to 0.9 K (0.8 K) during day-time (night-time) within atmospheric dust layers. Beneath and above the dust clouds, mineral particles cool (warm) the atmosphere by up to 1.3 K (1.2 K) at noon (night-time). On a regional mean basis, negative feedbacks on the total emitted dust (reduced by 19.5 {\%}) and dust AOD (reduced by 6.9 {\%}) are found when dust interacts with the radiation. Through the consideration of dust radiative effects in numerical simulations, the model positive and negative biases for the downward surface SW or LW radiation, respectively, with respect to Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) measurements, are reduced. In addition, they also reduce the model near-surface (at 2 m) nocturnal cold biases by up to 0.5 K (regional averages), as well as the model warm biases at 950 and 700 hPa, where the dust concentration is maximized, by up to 0.4 K. However, improvements are relatively small and do not happen in all episodes because other model first-order errors may dominate over the expected improvements, and the misrepresentation of the dust plumes' spatiotemporal features and optical properties may even produce a double penalty effect. The enhancement of dust forecasts via data assimilation techniques may significantly improve the results. ]]{\textgreater}},
author = {Gkikas, Antonis and Obiso, Vincenzo and {P{\'{e}}rez Garc{\'{i}}a-Pando}, Carlos and Jorba, Oriol and Hatzianastassiou, Nikos and Vendrell, Lluis and Basart, Sara and Solomos, Stavros and Gass{\'{o}}, Santiago and Baldasano, Jos{\'{e}} Maria},
doi = {10.5194/acp-18-8757-2018},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
keywords = {MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
month = {jun},
number = {12},
pages = {8757--8787},
title = {{Direct radiative effects during intense Mediterranean desert dust outbreaks}},
url = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/18/8757/2018/},
volume = {18},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Marti2017,
abstract = {Abstract. Traditionally, tephra transport and dispersal models have evolved decoupled (offline) from numerical weather prediction models. There is a concern that inconsistencies and shortcomings associated with this coupling strategy might lead to errors in the ash cloud forecast. Despite this concern and the significant progress in improving the accuracy of tephra dispersal models in the aftermath of the 2010 Eyjafjallaj{\"{o}}kull and 2011 Cord{\'{o}}n Caulle eruptions, to date, no operational online dispersal model is available to forecast volcanic ash. Here, we describe and evaluate NMMB-MONARCH-ASH, a new online multi-scale meteorological and transport model that attempts to pioneer the forecast of volcanic aerosols at operational level. The model forecasts volcanic ash cloud trajectories, concentration of ash at relevant flight levels, and the expected deposit thickness for both regional and global configurations. Its online coupling approach improves the current state-of-the-art tephra dispersal models, especially in situations where meteorological conditions are changing rapidly in time, two-way feedbacks are significant, or distal ash cloud dispersal simulations are required. This work presents the model application for the first phases of the 2011 Cord{\'{o}}n Caulle and 2001 Mount Etna eruptions. The computational efficiency of NMMB-MONARCH-ASH and its application results compare favorably with other long-range tephra dispersal models, supporting its operational implementation.},
author = {Marti, Alejandro and Folch, Arnau and Jorba, Oriol and Janjic, Zavisa},
doi = {10.5194/acp-17-4005-2017},
issn = {1680-7324},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
keywords = {MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
month = {mar},
number = {6},
pages = {4005--4030},
title = {{Volcanic ash modeling with the online NMMB-MONARCH-ASH v1.0 model: model description, case simulation, and evaluation}},
url = {https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/4005/2017/},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}
@article{PerezGarcia-Pando2014,
abstract = {Meningococcal meningitis is a climate sensitive infectious disease. The regional extent of the Meningitis Belt in Africa, where the majority of epidemics occur, was originally defined by Lapeysonnie in the 1960s. A combination of climatic and environmental conditions and biological and social factors have been associated to the spatial and temporal patterns of epidemics observed since the disease first emerged in West Africa over a century ago. However, there is still a lack of knowledge and data that would allow disentangling the relative effects of the diverse risk factors upon epidemics. The Meningitis Environmental Risk Information Technologies Initiative (MERIT), a collaborative research-to-practice consortium, seeks to inform national and regional prevention and control strategies across the African Meningitis Belt through the provision of new data and tools that better determine risk factors. In particular MERIT seeks to consolidate a body of knowledge that provides evidence of the contribution of climatic and environmental factors to seasonal and year-to-year variations in meningococcal meningitis incidence at both district and national scales. Here we review recent research and practice seeking to provide useful information for the epidemic response strategy of National Ministries of Health in the Meningitis Belt of Africa. In particular the research and derived tools described in this paper have focused at “getting science into policy and practice” by engaging with practitioner communities under the umbrella of MERIT to ensure the relevance of their work to operational decision-making. We limit our focus to that of reactive vaccination for meningococcal meningitis. Important but external to our discussion is the development and implementation of the new conjugate vaccine, which specifically targets meningococcus A.},
author = {{P{\'{e}}rez Garc{\'{i}}a-Pando}, Carlos and Thomson, Madeleine C and Stanton, Michelle C and Diggle, Peter J and Hopson, Thomas and Pandya, Rajul and Miller, Ron L and Hugonnet, St{\'{e}}phane},
doi = {10.1186/2194-6434-1-14},
issn = {2194-6434},
journal = {Earth Perspectives},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Biogeosciences,Earth System Sciences,Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice,Epidemiology,MONARCH,Water,general},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
month = {jun},
number = {1},
pages = {14},
publisher = {SpringerOpen},
title = {{Meningitis and climate: from science to practice}},
url = {http://earth-perspectives.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2194-6434-1-14},
volume = {1},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Spada2015,
abstract = {Sea-salt aerosol global models are typically evaluated against concentration observations at coastal stations that are unaffected by local surf conditions and thus considered representative of open ocean conditions. Despite recent improvements in sea-salt source functions, studies still show significant model errors in specific regions. Using a multiscale model, we investigated the effect of high model resolution (0.1° × 0.1° vs. 1° × 1.4°) upon sea-salt patterns in four stations from the University of Miami Network: Baring Head, Chatam Island, and Invercargill in New Zealand, and Marion Island in the sub-antarctic Indian Ocean. Normalized biases improved from +63.7{\%} to +3.3{\%} and correlation increased from 0.52 to 0.84. The representation of sea/land interfaces, mesoscale circulations, and precipitation with the higher resolution model played a major role in the simulation of annual concentration trends. Our results recommend caution when comparing or constraining global models using surface concentration observations from coastal stations.},
author = {Spada, M. and Jorba, O. and {P{\'{e}}rez Garc{\'{i}}a-Pando}, C. and Janjic, Z. and Baldasano, J.M.},
doi = {10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2014.11.019},
issn = {1352-2310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
keywords = {MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
month = {jan},
pages = {41--48},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{On the evaluation of global sea-salt aerosol models at coastal/orographic sites}},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014008784},
volume = {101},
year = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{Spada2015a,
author = {Spada, M.},
keywords = {MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
school = {Universitat Polyt{\`{e}}cnica de Catalunya},
title = {{Development and evaluation of an atmospheric aerosol module implemented within the NMMB/BSC-CTM}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Janjic2012,
abstract = {The Developmental Testbed Center (DTC) and the Joint Numerical Testbed (JNT) Program in NCAR's Research Applications Laboratory supported the preparation of this Technical Note. Dr. Robert Gall is a UCAR employee who was the first National Director the DTC and formerly the Director of the JNT Program. He currently is on assignment as the Development Manager, Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program, NOAA/OST, Silver Spring, MD. Zavisa Janjic is affiliated with the Environmental Modeling Center, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, College Park, MD.},
author = {Janjic, Z and Gall, R},
doi = {10.5065/D6WH2MZX},
journal = {NCAR Tech. Note},
keywords = {MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {MONARCH},
number = {April},
pages = {1--80},
title = {{Scientific Documentation of the NCEP Nonhydrostatic Multiscale Model on the B grid (NMMB). Part 1 Dynamics}},
url = {http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/technotes/TECH-NOTE-000-000-000-857.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Badia2017,
abstract = {This paper presents a comprehensive description and benchmark evaluation of the tropospheric gas-phase chemistry component of the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (NMMB-MONARCH), formerly known as NMMB/BSC-CTM, that can be run on both regional and global domains. Here, we provide an extensive evaluation of a global annual cycle simulation using a variety of background surface stations (EMEP, WDCGG and CASTNET), ozonesondes (WOUDC, CMD and SHADOZ), aircraft data (MOZAIC and several campaigns), and satellite observations (SCIAMACHY and MOPITT). We also include an extensive discussion of our results in comparison to other state-of-the-art models. We note that in this study, we omitted aerosol processes and some natural emissions (lightning and volcano emissions). The model shows a realistic oxidative capacity across the globe. The seasonal cycle for CO is fairly well represented at different locations (correlations around 0.3–0.7 in surface concentrations), although concentrations are underestimated in spring and winter in the Northern Hemisphere, and are overestimated throughout the year at 800 and 500 hPa in the Southern Hemisphere. Nitrogen species are well represented in almost all locations, particularly NO2 in Europe (root mean square error – RMSE – below 5 ppb). The modeled vertical distributions of NOx and HNO3 are in excellent agreement with the observed values and the spatial and seasonal trends of tropospheric NO2 columns correspond well to observations from SCIAMACHY, capturing the highly polluted areas and the biomass burning cycle throughout the year. Over Asia, the model underestimates NOx from March to August, probably due to an underestimation of NOx emissions in the region. Overall, the comparison of the modeled CO and NO2 with MOPITT and SCIAMACHY observations emphasizes the need for more accurate emission rates from anthropogenic and biomass burning sources (i.e., specification of temporal variability). The resulting ozone (O3) burden (348 Tg) lies within the range of other state-of-the-art global atmospheric chemistry models. The model generally captures the spatial and seasonal trends of background surface O3 and its vertical distribution. However, the model tends to overestimate O3 throughout the troposphere in several stations. This may be attributed to an overestimation of CO concentration over the Southern Hemisphere leading to an excessive production of O3 or to the lack of specific chemistry (e.g., halogen chemistry, aerosol chemistry). Overall, O3 correlations range between 0.6 and 0.8 for daily mean values. The overall performance of the NMMB-MONARCH is comparable to that of other state-of-the-art global chemistry models.},
author = {Badia, Alba and Jorba, Oriol and Voulgarakis, Apostolos and Dabdub, Donald and {P{\'{e}}rez Garc{\'{i}}a-Pando}, Carlos and Hilboll, Andreas and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Mar{\'{i}}a and Janjic, Zavisa},
doi = {10.5194/gmd-10-609-2017},
issn = {1991-9603},
journal = {Geoscientific Model Development},
keywords = {EMSL proposal,Gas-phase chemistry,MONARCH},
mendeley-tags = {EMSL proposal,Gas-phase chemistry,MONARCH},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {609--638},
title = {{Description and evaluation of the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (NMMB-MONARCH) version 1.0: gas-phase chemistry at global scale}},
url = {https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/609/2017/ www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/609/2017/},
volume = {10},
year = {2017}
}